Given: y = ln x - 4
The parent function is ln x. The given function is shifted down by 4.
Graph of ln x - 4:
graph{ln x - 4 [-10, 10, -10, 5]}
If you don't have a graphing calculator, you can graph the inverse of the parent function y = e^x and then switch the x and y variables and subtract 4 from the y value:
" "y = e^x
ul(" "x" "|" "y" ")
" "-4" "|" ".0183
" "0 " "|" "1
" " 1 " "|" "2.718
" "2" "|" "7.389
" "3" "|" "20.09
" "y = ln x
ul(" "x" "|" "y" ")
" ".0183" "|" "-4
" "1 " "|" "0
" " 2.718 " "|" "1
" "7.389" "|" "2
" "20.09" "|" "3
" "y = ln x - 4
ul(" "x" "|" "y" ")
" ".0183" "|" "-8
" "1 " "|" "-4
" " 2.718 " "|" "-3
" "7.389" "|" "-2
" "20.09" "|" "-1
