There are formulas for sin2x,cos2x and tan2x (they're called "Double-Angle Formulas")
sin2x=2sinxcosx
cos2x=cos2x−sin2x=2cos2x−1=1−sin2x
tan2x=2⋅tanx1−tan2x
If we are given sinx, we know two sides of the triangle: the hypotenuse and one leg. From there, using Pythagorean's Theorem (a2+b2=c2), we could find the remaining side, and thus find the ratios for both tan and cos. That will allow us to solve the Double Angle Formulas without knowing all the angles